2002;122:211521. Nocardiosis in cancer patients. In the intact host, these responses are usually successful in eliminating pathogen threats. Given the relevance of oropharyngeal aspiration to pneumonia, regular dental care is important in cancer patients. Neutropenia, cytotoxic chemotherapy, graft-versus host disease and other factors increase the risk of developing life-threatening bacterial pneumonia. Travi G, Pergam SA. Cleaver JO, et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.03.005. 2015;16:838. 5 Patients with VAP face a longer hospital course and incur higher healthcare costs than similarly ill patients. There are also a number of non-neutropenic defects that predispose patients to bacterial pneumonia, even after treatment has been completed. Robien K, et al. 2016;49:31420. 2002;117:37986. Am J Hematol. 2018;36:34954. Epub 2017 Mar 14. RT @Babygravy9: This is the exact opposite of what you'd want to do during cancer. Pneumonia in cancer patients. Moller T, et al. Clinical outcomes and microbiological characteristics of severe Pneumonia And Lung Cancer Survival Rate - PneumoniaProTalk.net We evaluated 284 patients who underwent AT between January 2011 and July 2020 at our hospital. Epub 2016 May 12. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ154. Martins F, et al. Kojima R, et al. Osimertinib Improves Survival in Lung Cancer - NCI Pneumonia is the leading cause of infection-related deaths in the United States, with potential for severe complications such as respiratory failure and sepsis ().A recent nationwide study noted that prior studies may have overestimated a temporal reduction in mortality rate ().As pneumonia epidemiology has changed, interest in following epidemiologic trends continues, particularly for the . Epub 2014 Mar 5. Ligia SCF Rabello LCA, de Souza Ivens Augusto Oliveira, Leite Torres Viviane Bogado, Rosolem Maira M, Lapa e Silva Jose Roberto, Soares Marcio, Salluh Jorge IF. Download .nbib 2016;18:46670. Ann Transl Med. Epub 2013 Feb 27. Prognosis and Survival Rates | LungCancer.net Pneumonia in the neutropenic cancer patient - PubMed Sensitivity, specificity, and positivity predictors of the pneumococcal urinary antigen test in community-acquired Pneumonia. Randomized phase III study of granulocyte transfusions in neutropenic patients. (D) Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia presenting as a single mass in a patient with aplastic anemia. Center for International, B et al. Clinical and pathological correlation in pediatric invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis. Google Scholar. Endemic fungal infections in solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients enrolled in the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates. Anantasit N, Nuntacharruksa N, Incharoen P, Preutthipan A. You may find out about it if you have a blood or urine test for another condition. De La Rosa GR, Jacobson KL, Rolston KV, Raad II, Kontoyiannis DP, Safdar A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a comprehensive cancer centre: active disease in patients with underlying malignancy during 19902000. Emerg Infect Dis. Inhaled aminoglycosides in cancer patients with ventilator-associated Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: safety and feasibility in the era of escalating drug resistance. 1998;27:35863. PMID: 31081422 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1592217 Abstract Background: With the advancement of diagnostic methods, a viral infection is increasingly recognized in adult patients with pneumonia and the outcomes can be fatal especially in high-risk patients. Cancer Imaging. 2013;23:22930. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2012.714906. Yamada Y, et al. 2005;191:135060. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Waheed Z, et al. Skoetz N, et al. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.05946-11. Delays in appropriate antimicrobial therapy increase the risk of secondary complications and infection-associated deaths in immunocompromised cancer patients, thus it is common practice to initiate empiric or pre-emptive antibiotic therapy when pneumonia is suspected [3, 18, 117, 118]. Researchers have analyzed the factors associated with severe pneumonia in hospitalized cancer patients and suggest that personalized treatment protocols can reduce . Mass lesions are not the only causes of aspiration-related lower respiratory tract infections in cancer patients. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009734.2016.1237595. Taccone FS, Artigas AA, Sprung CL, Moreno R, Sakr Y, Vincent JL. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Lopez B, Maisonet TM, Londhe VA. Alveolar NF-kappaB signaling regulates endotoxin-induced lung inflammation. J Clin Oncol. Stimulated innate resistance of lung epithelium protects mice broadly against bacteria and fungi. Schmidt-Ioanas M, de Roux A, Lode H. New antibiotics for the treatment of severe staphylococcal infection in the critically ill patient. Interestingly, in this population, antibody responses to PSV23 positively correlate with hematologic response to chemotherapy [85]. Navigante AH, et al. Kauffman CA, et al. 203 patients were enrolled in this study, 67 patients (31.0%) were non . . Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. States are categorized from highest rate to lowest rate. 2015;53:27182. a Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, b Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. This review addresses the prevention, diagnosis and management of bacterial pneumonia in cancer patients, with emphasis on the host factors that contribute to susceptibility. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.02.024. Kalil AC, et al. Early de-escalation of broad empiric therapy may be considered in patients who demonstrate prompt clinical response and in whom granulocyte recovery has occurred, especially if a susceptible pathogen has been identified [132, 133]. 2014;20:84451. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.182.5.1821133. Google Scholar. 2015;16:2735. Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, File TM Jr, Musher DM, Whitney C, Infectious Diseases Society of America. It has been suggested that this may reflect, in part, the catabolic and malnourished states that are common among cancer patients. 2 - 4 Surgery offers the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer; however, in the large majority of cases, . Abdeldaim GM, et al. Justin L. Wong, MD, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, 6431 Fannin St, MSB 1.434, Houston, TX 77030, Phone: 713-500-6861, Fax: 713-500-6829, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at. Hummel M, Hofheinz R, Buchheidt D. Severe Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a patient with mild neutropenia during treatment of Hodgkin's disease. For example, excessive expansion of clonal leukemia populations can result in deficiencies of functional leukocytes, resulting in immune dysfunction through cytopenias. Early initiation of antibiotic therapy is recommended for cancer patients suspected of having bacterial pneumonia, ensuring coverage of pathogens commonly encountered in the health care setting. Ertapenem usage in cancer patients with and without neutropenia: a report on 97 cases from a comprehensive cancer center. Pneumococcal pneumonia presenting with septic shock: host-and pathogen-related factors and outcomes. Heys SD, Gough DB, Khan L, Eremin O. Nutritional pharmacology and malignant disease: a therapeutic modality in patients with cancer. Predictors of aspiration pneumonia following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Vaccination of chemotherapy patientseffect of guideline implementation. [ 1] The individual prognosis is often linked to the severity and outcome of the underlying disease and to whether a reversal of factors affecting the patient's immune status is possible.. 39,108 patients with gastric cancer that underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer between 2004 and 2016 were included in the study (Table 1).Of those patients, 3473 (8.8%) died within 90 days . Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and cell counts in the diagnosis of parapneumonic pleural effusions. Innate immune defense against pneumococcal pneumonia requires pulmonary complement component C3. Monitoring immune dysfunctions in the septic patient: a new skin for the old ceremony. Relationships between periodontal disease and bacterial pneumonia. Finally, hematologic malignancies can cause intrinsic immune defects that predispose patients to bacterial pneumonia. 2016;91:2716. 2015;126:3435. Chest. (1, 3)-beta-d-glucan assay for diagnosing invasive fungal infections in critically ill patients with hematological malignancies. Dr. Evans: S.E.E. The optimized strategy to best protect HSCT patients remains an area of intensive investigation. Early Chest Computed Tomography Scan to Assist Diagnosis and Guide Treatment Decision for Suspected Community-acquired Pneumonia. 2016;71:238696. Oxygen use and survival in patients with advanced cancer and low oxygen Sepsis, another possible complication of COVID-19, can also cause lasting harm to the lungs and other organs. The pneumonia severity index and the CRB-65 in cancer patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Azoulay E, et al. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2003;37:140533. Blood. Influenza/Pneumonia Mortality by State. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12186. 2004;39:156371. DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000156 Abstract Purpose of review: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among neutropenic cancer patients, particularly those with acute leukaemia. Ultra-Low-Dose Chest CT in Patients with Neutropenic Fever and Hematologic Malignancy: Image Quality and Its Diagnostic Performance. Imaging pneumonia in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Still, doctors predict that the absence of the powerful chemotherapies may hurt patients most. Ashour HM, el-Sharif A. Microbial spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility profile of gram-positive aerobic bacteria isolated from cancer patients. However . Augmentation of innate immune responses offer several hypothetical advantages in terms of rapidity of effect, breadth of pathogen specificity, and lack of known antimicrobial resistance, but efficacy has not been established in humans. Crit Care Clin. The number of deaths from pneumonia divided by person-years of survival was calculated as the mortality rate of pneumonia. https://doi.org/10.1086/423381. 2008;27:24551. Neutropenia: occurrence and management in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Polymorphisms of toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) are associated with the risk of infectious complications in acute myeloid leukemia. 2008;46:181321. Open Lobectomy or Thoracotomy. Pneumonia patient hospital stay duration by age and setting - Statista Vallipuram J, et al. Further, while prompt initiation of adequate antimicrobial therapy is essential to improved pneumonia outcomes, the initial diagnosis of pneumonia is often challenging in this population, as cancer patients with pneumonia frequently present with attenuated clinical signs and symptoms and very often have competing diagnoses that might explain new radiographic infiltrates, fever, or respiratory symptoms. Shortness of breath. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2005.07.003. 2003;31:17229. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with malignant haematological diseases: 10 years experience of infection in GIMEMA centres. 16 Jul 2023 12:02:56 Cohort study of the impact of time to antibiotic administration on mortality in patients with febrile neutropenia. J Clin Microbiol. Ann Hematol. By analyzing the medical data from 325 cancer patients hospitalized with pneumonia in three big hospitals, they found a low rate of multiresistant pathogens -- less than 14% of the. Cancer patients encounter myriad homeostatic derangement, and susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia among cancer patients varies according to the type of malignancy, treatment types and timing and comorbidities [15]. Due to the profound effects on rapidly replicating gastrointestinal epithelial cells, chemotherapy-related mucositis represents a serious threat to mucosal integrity. Claessens YE, et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24930. Mortality, morbidity, and cost associated with febrile neutropenia in adult cancer patients. Ultra-low dose CT has been investigated as a tool to maintain adequate image quality while reducing radiation dose to cancer patients. Hanyu T, et al. Complications may occur in between 6% and 34% of cases*. Evans SE, Ost DE. The clinical approach requires integration of traditional microbiologic techniques as well as targeted molecular diagnostics. Schiffer JT, Kirby K, Sandmaier B, Storb R, Corey L, Boeckh M. Timing and severity of community acquired respiratory virus infections after myeloablative versus non-myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Management of Adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease in haematological and solid-organ malignancies. About 22 percent of lung cancers are diagnosed at the regional stage. Airway obstruction caused by endoluminal disease or extrinsic compression may impede normal mucociliary clearance and promote postobstructive pneumonias [68-70]. Specific defects depend on the cells affected by the malignancy. 2015;7:174357. Performance of a standardized bronchoalveolar lavage protocol in a comprehensive cancer center: a prospective 2-year study. Stage 4 lung cancer prognosis: Survival rates and treatment Pneumonia is a ubiquitous killer in all patient populations but presents a particular risk for morbidity and mortality among immunosuppressed cancer patients. Cannas G, et al. However, timely assessment of long-term survival in patients with pancreatic cancer is lagging in China. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14597. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. However, some authors argue that severely ill neutropenic patients may benefit from granulocyte transfusion [137]. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.240. Thoracic complications and emergencies in oncologic patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;49:2938. A recent study in patients with febrile neutropenia suggests that this approach may preserve reasonable diagnostic accuracy [97]. Epub 2012 May 1. Thus, functional neutropenia can also contribute to cancer-related pneumonia risk [3]. Correlation between circulating fungal biomarkers and clinical outcome in invasive aspergillosis. Clinical utility of quantitative cytomegalovirus detection in bronchial washing fluid in patients with hematologic malignancies. McKinnell JA, et al. In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors associated with severe pneumonia in the elderly. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw156. Efficacy and safety of ifosfamide in combination with carboplatin and etoposide in small cell lung cancer. 2004;10:74952. Oikonomou A, Muller NL, Nantel S. Radiographic and high-resolution CT findings of influenza virus pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies. 2015;33:5019. Chou MY, et al. Pneumonia during remission induction chemotherapy in patients with acute leukemia. Ghannam DE, et al. Risk factors for the development of cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Preventing aspiration: a common and dangerous problem for patients with cancer. 2001;17:53170, viiviii. Chest. Serologic response to a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine administered prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Pneumonia is the second leading reason for hospitalization of medicare beneficiaries. Newer coronavirus variants may also cause more airway disease, such as bronchitis, that may be severe . Clin Microbiol Infect. Talmadge JE, et al. In addition to efforts to increase the absolute number of leukocytes in cytopenic patients, multiple groups have investigated manipulation of existing leukocytes through administration of recombinant cytokines. Similarly, pneumonia risks are elevated among patients with esophageal cancers, due to excessive gastric reflux and to tracheoesophageal fistulae [42, 43]. Safdar A, Singhal S, Mehta J. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. Tracheal and bronchial polymeric immunoglobulin secretory immune system (PISIS) development in a porcine model. A review of oral toxicity associated with mTOR inhibitor therapy in cancer patients. Respiration. Epithelial cells express effectors such as cationic antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen species and surfactant proteins into the airway lining fluid, reducing pathogen burden through both direct microbiocidal effects, activation of leukocyte-mediated immunity and enhanced pathogen opsonization [26-28]. Background Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women globally. PubMed Central An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Kreiniz N, Bejar J, Polliack A, Tadmor T. Severe pneumonia associated with ibrutinib monotherapy for CLL and lymphoma. Gasparetto EL, Escuissato DL, Marchiori E, Ono S, Fraree Silva RL, Muller NL. Relatedly, whereas gut dysbiosis has been associated with such HSCT complications as bloodstream infections and graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), it has recently been reported that altered gut microbiota may also be predictive of pulmonary complications of HSCT, including bacterial pneumonias [51]. Mucositis incidence, severity and associated outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy: a systematic literature review. Nambu A, Ozawa K, Kobayashi N, Tago M. Imaging of community-acquired pneumonia: roles of imaging examinations, imaging diagnosis of specific pathogens and discrimination from noninfectious diseases. For example, agents such as fludarabine and alemtuzumab can cause long term lymphocyte dysfunction, in some cases lasting years beyond the treatment interval. Souza JP, Boeckh M, Gooley TA, Flowers ME, Crawford SW. High rates of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients receiving dapsone prophylaxis. In this study, we applied period analysis to estimate the long-term survival of pancreatic cancer patients using data from four population-based cancer registries in Taizhou . The 5-year overall survival in all patients . Although CT lacks specificity, it is frequently helpful in directing bronchoscopic investigations. Mortality from Aspiration Pneumonia: Incidence, Trends, and Risk https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_53, eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine. While this strategy holds promise, it remains investigational and interpretation of the associated studies is challenging due to heterogeneity of the populations and protocols [138]. Further, BAL performance in the first four days of symptoms in HSCT patients with suspected pneumonia is associated with improved diagnostic yield and mortality [107]. Transpl Infect Dis. Wilson R, et al. Successful management strategies depend on early recognition, consideration of numerous cancer-related host factors, and prompt initiation of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-007-0437-7. Bodey GP, et al. Clinical value of FDG PET in patients with fever of unknown origin and patients suspected of focal infection or inflammation. Roles of lung epithelium in neutrophil recruitment during pneumococcal pneumonia. Wunderink RG, et al. If you have lung cancer, it may be more difficult for your doctor to . Cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation: high resolution CT findings. eCollection 2018. Maschmeyer G, et al. When performed with high resolution formatting, in particular, CT is better able to discern bilateral and apical disease, and to discriminate between typical patterns suggestive of bacterial infection than CXR [95]. Correspondence to (2017). Epidemiology and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large US database. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.010. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2016.1213825. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and fever in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma receiving salvage chemotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma. Cherif H, Axdorph U, Kalin M, Bjorkholm M. Clinical experience of granulocyte transfusion in the management of neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies and severe infection. Even with empiric therapy, case fatality rates of neutropenic pneumonias remain unacceptably high. https://doi.org/10.1086/597297. Guzman-Bautista ER, et al. J Infect Dis. Advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in recognition and signal transduction have allowed development of inhaled therapeutics that induce protective innate immune responses from the lung epithelium in animals. Mycoses. The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical outcomes and toxicities regarding the use of durvalumab in a real clinical scenario.MethodsA single-center retrospective study was conducted . The timing of the vaccination also remains controversial, as initiation of pneumococcal vaccination 3 months after HSCT may provide confer early protection, but may not provide similarly durable antibody responses or reliable PSV23 boost compared to vaccination started 9 months after HSCT. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008;83:52335. Predictors of oral mucositis in patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplants for chronic myelogenous leukemia. However, PCR-based pathogen detection has the potential to supplement and, theoretically, supplant culture-based methods in patients with cancer. 2015;60:160310. 1999;29:146771. 2009;50:61924. J Leukoc Biol. Bacteremic pneumonia in neutropenic patients with cancer: causes, empirical antibiotic therapy, and outcome. perform a physical exam. Epub 2017 May 31. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors impair B-cell immune responses in CML through off-target inhibition of kinases important for cell signaling. Genes Immun. As with many diseases and illnesses, the signs and symptoms vary from one person to the next and may mimic other disorders too. No consensus exists for the optimal time to first antibiotic dose, although one recent study suggests that neutropenic fever outcomes are better when antibiotics are delivered within 104 minutes of presentation [119]. 2014;6:77993. For example, alkylating agents also cause immune dysfunction through disproportionate depletion of CD4+ T cells, relative to CD8+ T cells [78-80]. Immune reconstitution after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relation to underlying disease, type of high-dose therapy and infectious complications. Clinical usefulness of pneumococcal urinary antigen test, stratified by disease severity and serotypes. Cancer- and cancer treatment-related derangements of lung architecture, mucositis and impaired airway protection/swallow function all contribute to pneumonia risks. However, the 30-day mortality rate is 5 to 10 . 2001;120:55561. de Lavallade H, et al. This diagnosis may be made even more difficult when the patient has an already abnormal chest x-ray due to the disease or its treatment, or when a patient has competing causes for fever or cough. Periodontal status and post-transplantation complications following intensive periodontal treatment in patients underwent allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation conditioned with myeloablative regimen. Symptoms of lung cancer and pneumonia can look the same: Coughing (sometimes with blood) Wheezing. Sangil A, et al. Anticancer Res. Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.11.008. Parainfluenza virus type 3 pneumonia in bone marrow transplant recipients: multiple small nodules in high- resolution lung computed tomography scans provide a radiological clue to diagnosis. 2012;50:10513. Hardak E, Brook O, Yigla M. Radiological features of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients with and without AIDS. Current guidelines recommend administration of G-CSF if the risk of developing febrile neutropenia is greater than 20% based on patient-specific risk factors [136]. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Relationship of minimal inhibitory concentration and bactericidal activity to efficacy of antibiotics for treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Tiredness or fatigue. Gurgan CA, et al. High mortality from viral pneumonia in patients with cancer While the clinical syndrome of pneumonia is well characterized in the general population, this diagnosis may be challenging in the cancer patients. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Hematol Oncol. Initial regimens for patients with late hospital-acquired pneumonia (late HAP), health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) should ensure enhanced coverage for multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacilli [117, 120, 125, 130]. Yamamoto K, et al. IntroductionThe standard of care for patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by consolidation durvalumab as shown in the PACIFIC trial. Among cancer-patient subgroups stratified by different characteristics, the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated as described earlier , which provided the relative risk . Alveolar macrophages engulf invading pathogens and promote host response via the complement system and inflammatory mediators [29-31]. Vento S, Cainelli F, Temesgen Z. De-escalation should be undertaken with caution in patients with poor clinical response to antimicrobial therapy, persistent neutropenia or ongoing immunosuppressive therapy [134]. Lung epithelial cells are essential effectors of inducible resistance to pneumonia. Underscoring the relevance of this risk factor, Vento, et al., estimate that nearly 60% of cancer patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia will develop pulmonary infiltrates on radiographic examination [72]. Azoulay E, et al. Infusion of donor granulocytes has also been proposed as an adjunct therapy in cancer patients with febrile neutropenia. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12527. J Clin Oncol. The rapidity of onset, duration, severity and underlying physiologic process all further impact susceptibility to neutropenic pneumonia [18, 30, 35-39, 73]. Toleman MS, et al. do Nascimento TG, et al. Tschernig T. Hospital-acquired pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia: two guys? Number of new cancer cases in Denmark 2020, by type of cancer and gender . Venet F, Chung CS, Monneret G, Huang X, Horner B, Garber M, Ayala A. Despite decreasing mortality rates, largely due to early detection and modern treatment, the effectiveness of screening on long-term survival outcomes remains unclear. Guinan JL, McGuckin M, Nowell PC. Vaccination of chemotherapy patients-effect of guideline implementation. 2005;11:50611. Molinos L, et al. Colitis associated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. 2014;3:96270. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Both classes demonstrate efficacy in reducing the duration of neutropenia, though a less favorable side-effect profile of GM-CSF limits its use primarily to post-HSCT immune reconstitution [135, 136]. Gonzalez C, Johnson T, Rolston K, Merriman K, Warneke C, Evans S. Predicting pneumonia mortality using CURB-65, PSI, and patient characteristics in patients presenting to the emergency department of a comprehensive cancer center. 2008;14:6478. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0607371. A five-year prospective study. ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. 2017;52:10713. Conversely, when present, cough, fever and radiographic infiltrates may be manifestations of the malignancy itself or complications of therapy. Garcia Munoz R, et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12052. Kontoyiannis DP. Claus JA, Hodowanec AC, Singh K. Poor positive predictive value of influenza-like illness criteria in adult transplant patients: a case for multiplex respiratory virus PCR testing.